The role of the Grand Duke

Article 2 provides that the Grand Duchy is a parliamentary democracy. The nation is the source of sovereign power. It is beforethe representatives of the Chamber of Deputies that the Grand Duke takes the oath on acceding to the Throne ('I swear to observe the Constitution and to faithfully fulfil my constitutional duties’, Art. 57 of the Constitution).

The Grand Duke thus has a central and essential role: he is at the heart of the institutional system, while respecting the principle that 'the sovereign reigns but does not govern'.

The representative aspect of the role of the Grand Duke is based on the principle of the hereditary devolution of the Crown, which is enshrined in the Constitution. This places the Head of State above and beyond political parties and thus guarantees his impartiality.

He does not have any powers other than those the Constitution and the specific laws formally allocate to him and exercises executive power jointly with the Government.

The inviolability of the Grand Duke means that he cannot be accused or prosecuted by anyone, that he is not liable to any jurisdiction and that he cannot be held accountable for his actions.

This inviolability implies the Grand Duke's complete unaccountability. His unaccountability is general and absolute, both from a penal and political point of view. The Grand Duke's political unaccountability has the ministerial responsibility as its counterpart. Indeed, any measure adopted by the Grand Duke in the context of his political powers, must be countersigned by a member of the government, who assumes full responsibility for it.

In Article 54, the Constitution provides an annual grant for the Grand Duke. This grant, the components and amount of which are set by law, is destined to enable him to exercise his role as Head of State in complete independence.

Finally, the Grand Duke, taking into account the public interest, defines and organises his administration, which has legal personality (Art. 54). The Maison du Grand-Duc was established by Grand Ducal Decree on 9 October 2020.

The powers of the Grand Duke are mainly listed in Articles 44 to 61 of the Constitution.

Article 49 states that the Grand Duke enacts laws within three months of their adoption by the Chamber of Deputies. Through this act of promulgation, the Grand Duke attests to the content of the law and orders its publication and execution.

The Grand Duke's regulatory powers consist in taking the regulations and administrative orders required for the enforcement of laws and treaties.

Article 73 of the Constitution further provides that the Grand Duke may, outside a state of crisis and in the event of the resignation of the Government, after having received the assent of the Chamber of Deputies expressed by an absolute majority, call early elections, which will take place within three months at the latest.

Administrative powers

In accordance with the law, the Grand Duke has the power tomake appointments to public posts.

To ensure the maintenance of order and security in the country, the Grand Duke holds the title of Commander of the armed forces. He confers civil and military orders.

Judicial powers

Justice is delivered on behalf of the Grand Duke by the courts and tribunals. Judgments and decrees ('arrêts') are executed in his name (Article 97). However, the Grand Duke has no means of interfering in the exercise of judicial power, which is exercised by the courts and tribunals. Under the conditions determined by law, the Constitution gives the Grand Duke the right of pardon, i.e. the right to postpone or reduce sentences pronounced by judges.

The Grand Duke and his government

Regarding the organisation of his Government, Article 88 of the revised Constitution of 2023 disposes that the Grand Duke appoints the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government and terminates their functions.

The Grand Duke has the right to dismiss a minister, but that is a right he has never used. Tradition has it, that after legislative elections, the entire Government presents its resignation to the Grand Duke.

The Grand Duke’s role at the international level

The Grand Duke represents the country abroad and acts at the international level on behalf of the Luxemburgish State. He may therefore conclude treaties with foreign States, which must be approved by the Chamber of Deputies.

Foreign ambassadors must present their credentials to the Grand Duke in order to be officially accredited in Luxembourg.

State visits are one of the notable prerogatives of the Head of State. Considered the pinnacle of relations between two countries, they constitute one of the most important elements for developing common diplomatic, economic and cultural exchanges.

Other commitments abroad

In addition to State visits and Official visits, the Head of State travels abroad to represent the country at high-level meetings and conferences of international institutions, historical commemorations or sporting or cultural events.

The Grand Duke takes a great interest in the work of the United Nations, in particular that of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in which he regularly participates.

Every year, the Grand Duke participates in the informal summit of German-speaking countries.

This summit brings together the Heads of State of six German-speaking countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and Switzerland) to discuss the societal, political and economic challenges they face.

The Grand Duke has been a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) since 1998 and regularly attends its meetings. The Grand Duke is committed to the promotion of the Olympic values of friendship, respect and excellence. Since 1999, he has also been a member of the Olympic Solidarity Commission. He has attended most of the Summer and Winter Olympic Games to support Luxembourgish athletes.